Investigate the Behaviour of Organisations and the Market...

Introduction In this assignment I will identify the structure of markets within the economy and explain how they deviate from the model of perfect competition. I will also expand on which market forces dominate the market place, identifying the organisational responses to demand including the adoption of competitive strategies within the free market. Finally I will explain the role of the competition commission and regulatory bodies. Market Types The most important factor within any market is the number of rivals competing for a share of the business. Competition, as described by Stigler, G (2008) arises whenever two or more parties strive for something that all cannot obtain. Perfect competition is seen as a theoretical ideal and†¦show more content†¦Market forces Market forces are primarily concerned with the supply of and demand for goods and services within the free market. The demand for a good can be influenced by many factors such as price, available substitutes and a person’s income. Price can be one of the primary forces when looking at the demand for a product, it does however have limitations. Demand may not necessarily rise if the price drops below a certain level, people will automatically assume an inferior product and not purchase it. Similarly if a product that is essential to the consumer is priced higher the demand may not decrease, petrol is a good example of this. In order for us to predict how much someone is willing to buy at a given price, we must first create a demand schedule, which can be represented as a demand curve. (Fig 1.) Fig 1. It is apparent that as the price of an item increases, the quantity demanded reduces. This is an over simplification as there are many non price factors affecting demand. The Ceteris paribus clause can best used to describe this method of analysis. Non price factors affecting demand Product substitution occurs when the demand for one product affects the demand of another. Although price can influence peoples decision to buy a substitute, personal taste, brand loyalty and demography can influence decisions often more persuasively than price. People’s income can also affect their purchasing habits, often increasing theirShow MoreRelatedBussiness Environment1585 Words   |  7 PagesDiploma (Business) Level 4 ACADEMIC COLLEGE OF LONDON |Unit Number |1 | |Unit Title |Business Environment | |Name of the Assessor | | |Date of Issue Read MoreBussiness Environment1600 Words   |  7 PagesDiploma (Business) Level 4 ACADEMIC COLLEGE OF LONDON |Unit Number |1 | |Unit Title |Business Environment | |Name of the Assessor | | |Date of Issue Read MoreConsumer Decision Making Process And The Beverage Brand Products1421 Words   |  6 PagesConsumers buying decision making play an important role for the success of every company or organisation. 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For the purpose of the communication crises analysis, caseRead MoreCompensation Packages And Incentive Schemes911 Words   |  4 Pagesincentive schemes. Section three investigates and analyses the arguments that are put forward in their support, section four investigates the arguments that reject them. Section five considers the motivational theories and their link to compensation packages and incentive schemes with effects of both on individual behaviour. And section six summarises current evidence on the effects of compensation packages and incentive schemes, and their effects on individual behaviour. Compensation Packages andRead MoreOrganisational Behaviour Challenges Sb1292 Words   |  6 PagesOrganisational Behaviour in the 21st Century Snehaal Bhalavat October 9, 2010 To explain the challenges faced by today’s organisations, I will first express my understanding on organizational behaviour and further will highlight challenges and explain the problems in context to Indian business. Managing People Often managers think managing people is something that they often think they can do, or indeed ought to be able to do. The interesting thing is that it is neither something theyRead MoreInternational Marketing Analysis Report For Nestle Essay1636 Words   |  7 Pagesinternational Marketing Analysis report for Nestlà ©. This report will mainly focus on the evaluation of Nestlà © s international marketing activities and that of their key competitors. The latest trends and developments within this particular sector investigate will also be investigated. Nescafà ©, the instant coffee from Nestlà © is the most famous products of the company, therefore Nescafà © has been chosen as the company s products for the purpose of this report to conduct a thorough analysis. Within thisRead MoreHow Companies Identify Attractive Market Segments and Choose a Target Marketing Strategy.1749 Words   |  7 Pagesattractive market segments and choose a target marketing strategy. 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It deals with different structures and cultures such as large organizations have different structures and cultures than small ones, and the manufacturing organisations operate in a different way t han those in theRead MoreA Research Study On Business Expansion And Globalization1611 Words   |  7 PagesBusiness expansion and globalisation has significantly enhanced the market competition as well as demand of customer due to which it became essential for organisations to improve their employees and business performance. Therefore, it is essential for organisations to plan training and development programs for employees to enhance their skills, capabilities and knowledge. Training mainly involves systematic as well as planned instruction along with distinctive development activities that are targeted

The Decline Of American Education - 1251 Words

Jessica Hollis Mr. Wichmann English III, Period 4 17 November 2014 The Decline of American Education The future of society depends on the education of the children in the present generation. The American board of education means well by setting standards for the students in the nation. However, is it more important for students to be excellent test takers or excel in the classroom? Is it more important to accept average work as the standard or to push students to surpass their potential? The downfall of American education is a result of the narrow minded focus on standardized testing, the nation’s lazy culture, and rising poverty levels. The dependence on standardized tests has depreciated education by taking attention away from school curriculum. These mandatory tests, unfortunately, â€Å"are being used in high-stakes ways to evaluate and punish teachers† (Strauss). Standardized tests create quotas that are required to be met and force teachers to teach students how to pass tests rather than learn the material of the subject. It is n ot enough these days that a teacher’s students perform well in the classroom; teachers also have to worry about the same students performing well on a standardized test. Schools are also affected by these tests because their rankings are based on their students’ scores. Consequently, this puts pressure on teachers to make sure students have good test taking abilities in order to score well on these standardized tests. This obsession with gettingShow MoreRelatedComprehensive Preparation For A Complete Life1068 Words   |  5 PagesCurrently, there are two forms of education focused on reducing teen pregnancies: abstinence-only education and comprehensive sex education with birth control. 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Essay1096 Words   |  5 PagesUnited States of America, small in history but large in diversity continues to face new challenges with language as time continues to turn. In the documentary â€Å"Do You Speak American?† Robert MacNeil analyzes the English language and reveals many dialects that culturally defines us. Regional dialect is one of the many strongholds of all cultures and now it has reached its’ zenith and today it is slowly declining because it does not possess the human nature of advancement. Optimistically, it allowsRead MoreMandatory Conscription In The Military895 Words   |  4 Pagesconscription has left a bad taste in the mouths of Americans since the Vietnam War. In modern day society, it can be seen as slavery and Americans today have become accustomed to the voluntary army system we currently have. For some, the perceived loss of freedom also means not being able to achieve educational and occupational goals, but that is definitely not the case. 2. Reason to Listen: 1. In fact, there are many educational and occupational benefits for American soldiers. Many citizens of the United StatesRead MoreUs a Declining Superpower? Essay800 Words   |  4 Pagesbecame a superpower. Its strength and status reached another peak in the mid and late 1990s as the Cold War ended: it accounted for about 30 percent of global economic output. However, after it entered a new economic cycle from 2000 to 2001, the American share of the world economy has gradually dropped. At the same time, certain situations, including the â€Å"weakening of advantages compared to other countries,† have appeared in some main areas of the United States national power. This trend alreadyRead MoreExamination of the Education System in Idiot Nation, by Michael Moore 1351 Words   |  5 PagesIn his essay, â€Å"Idiot Nation,† Michael Moore directly conveys the horrid truth behind American education when he utters the sheer words, â€Å"the knowledge (students) acquire in school is not going to serve them throughout their lifetimes. Many of them will have four to five careers in a lifetime. It will be their ability to navigate information that will matter† (Moore 141). According to Moore, American education today is by no means preparing students for the real world of work. In fact, he infers thatRead MoreBOP Statistics : Average Inmate Age870 Words   |  4 Pagesincarceration from impoverish urban communities. Chapman, T. (2010). Encyclopedia of African American education (pp. 651-654). K. Lomotey (Ed.). Los Angeles, [Calif.: SAGE. This encyclopedia portion by T. Chapman gives statistics and discusses various problems with urban education. The credibility is pertinent to the idea of my paper, the accuracy is high and this reference breaks down various issues with urban education. This source relates with the information given with the Nations Report Cards. Both

The Regulatory Environment For Financial Reporting

Question: Discuss about The Regulatory Environment For Financial Reporting. Answer: International The Present Problems Of The Accounting Standards And The Exposure In The Drafts, Framework, Explanations Or Other Declarations 119: On 12th June 2016, the Australian accounting standards board (AASB) reported a list of the changes mentioned in the newsletter. As per the AASB 119, the discount provided to the employees and the benefits from the long-term obligations made in the corporate bond rate. The AASB has further stated that if the corporate bond rate is unavailable then the government bond rate shall be put to use into the accounting standards. It has been further stated that during the reporting procedure then directors responsibilities will be reviewed. Along with the above-mentioned changes, the appropriate Australian securities exchange officials governing the principles have also been taken into consideration (Ethical professional standards, 2016). A more rationalized method of the equity in the accounting has been framed at the time f the transformation process. The implementation of these changes related to the joint venture and investments-equity methodology. In many cases the alterations are due to the hedging and derivatives for the hedging. The hedging is seen in the form of contingents which are placed and the options related to the calling of the debt instruments. During the year 2016 the AASB has further stated the importance and the benefits related to the pension schemes and reviewing of contribution made in pension scheme. Regulating and monitoring the financial reporting As per the statement given by the chartered accountants of New Zealand and Australia, an organization must comply with the standards of required for preparing the audit report and conduction of the auditing is mandatory. It further stated that the reports should clearly be able to explore the quality of the audit conducted. Moreover, the financial reporting council has agreed to accept the changes and the approach (Australian reporting essentials for the June 2015 reporting period, 2016). Reporting of the changes for the issues persisting in the accounting standard There have been number of instances reported with relevance to the accounting standard from 1st May to 31st July 2016. The various instances are related to the issues observed in the present accounting standard (Accounting standards, 2016). As per the proposal placed on July 8 in the year, 2016 related to the compensations and the different components of the compensation involves employee stock and the ownership schemes. The various types of the accounting standards also consider the improved nature of the share of payment given to the employees. It has to be also observed that during the month of June 2016 an update was proposed by the accounting standard with regards to the review of the revenue earned from the contracts of the customers. Other potential developments or influence of politics: The various types of the investment standards have been scrutinized as per the guidelines provided under AASB, where clear collaboration has been identified as per AASB 128, AASB12, AASB 10, AASB 11 guidelines (Accounting Standards UpdatesEffective Dates, 2016). Recognizing the summary of the progress and the alterations made in the financial reporting for the period of June to August 2016 For revising the accounting standards, the political aspect was significant to consider. Furthermore, a standard had been revealed in many jurisdictions where the changes has shown the AASB has played an active role in the international standard required for setting up of the project. The forum is further considered as a paramount importance concerned with the International Accounting Standard Board or IASB. The several types of the commencement laid down by the Chartered Accountants of New Zealand and Australia needs to be taken into consideration. This is due to the importance given to the business and finance and the positive influence from the pre-requisite. Reference List Accounting standards . (2016). Aasb.gov.au. Retrieved 23 August 2016, from https://www.aasb.gov.au/Pronouncements/Current-standards.aspx Accounting Standards UpdatesEffective Dates. (2016). Fasb.org. Retrieved 23 August 2016, from https://www.fasb.org/jsp/FASB/Page Australian reporting essentials for the June 2015 reporting period . (2016). Charteredaccountants.com.au. Retrieved 23 August 2016, from https://www.charteredaccountants.com.au/Industry-Topics/Reporting/Publications-and-tools/Essential-guidance/Guides/Australian-reporting-essentials-for-the-June-2015-reporting-period Australian reporting essentials for the June 2016 reporting period . (2016). Charteredaccountants.com.au. Retrieved 23 August 2016, from https://www.charteredaccountants.com.au/Industry-Topics/Reporting/Publications-and-tools/Essential-guidance/Guides/Australian-reporting-essentials-for-the-June-2016-reporting-period Ethical professional standards . (2016). Charteredaccountants.com.au. Retrieved 23 August 2016, from https://www.charteredaccountants.com.au/Industry-Topics/Ethical-and-professional-standards.aspx Latest changes . (2016). Charteredaccountants.com.au. Retrieved 23 August 2016, from https://www.charteredaccountants.com.au/Industry-Topics/Reporting/Australian-accounting-standards/Latest-changes Update 2015-10Technical Corrections and Improvements. (2016). Fasb.org. Retrieved 23 August 2016, from https://www.fasb.org/jsp/FASB/Document_C/DocumentPage?cid=1176166123481acceptedDisclaimer=

Work free essay sample

Falls from height Crushing by machinery and equipment Stroke (impact) of object Injury of electric current Explosion Burning Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD Lecturer Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD 1 Course â€Å"Health and safety in construction† Accidents on 30 year period in the countries, Members of the EU Transport accidents Injury of electric current Falls from height Machinery Stroke (impact) of object Falls from height = 43% from fatal accidents in construction Stroke (impact) of object = 12% from fatal accidents in construction Lecturer Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD 2 Course â€Å"Health and safety in construction† Work with big machineries = 11% from fatal accidents in construction Transport accidents on the building site = 8% from fatal accidents in construction Earth works and excavations = 5% from fatal accidents in construction Lecturer Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD 3 Course â€Å"Health and safety in construction† Injury of electric current = 4% from fatal accidents in construction 1. Definition for labor accidents: 1. All sudden or unexpected health injuries , that happened during, or in connection with the work process, or in the interest of the company, which have caused disability or death. We will write a custom essay sample on Work or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 1. 2 Labor accident is an accident happened during the normal time on the way to the working place or: Return back home, or to the habitual place of residence or other location with additional permanent character; The place where the worker eats or usually has his lunch or; The place where the worker receives his salary. It is not a labor accident, when the victim is intentionally damaged his own health. Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD 2. Procedure in case of labor accident: 2. 1. The immediate superior should be notified without delay. A report must be drawn up and this report must contain following elements: The employer of the injured persons; The names of the injured persons; The place and the time of the accident; The witnesses of the accident the person who gave first aid; Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD Lecturer Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD 4 Course â€Å"Health and safety in construction† A report must be drawn up and this report must contain following elements: What was the task of the workers; What kind of operations have performed the injured persons exactly; Which normal operations have been performed wrong; What kind of damages have been caused; Which violations of the rules have been made; Persons who tolerated the violations; Necessary measurements for avoidance similar cases. Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD 2. Statement of labor accident: The employer is obliged to declare about the labor accident before the social security institutions within 3 working days; The injured person may declare about the labor accident within 1 year after the accident. Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD 3. Investigation of labor accident The accident has to be investigated by authorized experts of the Social security institute; The investigation has to establish all the facts and details, that might help to define the character of the accident. The injured person may attend, or he may show persons to attend the investigation. Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD Lecturer Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD 5 Course â€Å"Health and safety in construction† A report has to be drawn up. Copies of the record are to be given to the injured person or his heirs and to the employer as well. There is a definite term to appeal against the protocol. Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD Lecturer Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD 6 Course â€Å"Health and safety in construction† Parameters of the working environment and their influence on the human body. Complex assessment of the labor conditions. Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD Content: 1. Production microenvironment 2. Production dust 3. Production Noise 4. Vibrations Vibrations 5. Lighting Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD 1. Production microenvironment 1. 1. Definition – it is the complex influence of the temperature , the humidity, the speed of the air movement and the outer temperature of the building facilities and equipment. 1. 2. Limits of the microenvironment Air temperature – between 16 up to 32 ? C; Speed of the air movement – bet. 0,2 up to 0,5 m/s; Relative air humidity up to 70 %; Temperature of surfaces at the working place – bet. 13 up to 25 ? C. Lecturer Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD 7 Course â€Å"Health and safety in construction† 1. 3. Kinds of production microenvironment Overheat microenvironment; Freeze microenvironment; Steady microenvironment; Dynamic microenvironment; Radiation microenvironment . 1. 4. Methods for improvement the industrial microenvironment: 1. 4. 1. echnological methods and means – use of modern machines and means which separate minimal humidity and heat, insulated or hermetically sealed machines or cabins, separating heat or freeze. 1. 4. 2. Technical methods and means – the machines and equipments which separate heat or freeze have to be moved to another premises; use of suitable personal working wear and personal means for protection ; use of means for joint protection. 1. 4. 3. Prophylactic preventing methods – current medical examinations, creating a suitable food and drinking regime, suitable diet, physiological regime of labor and rest. Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD 2. Production dust Dust – very small parts or fractions of hard or fluid substance, which is available in the air. In construction the production dust is a result of various processes like cutting, grinding, polishing, working with sand blasting machines, demolishing of buildings, unloading of materials, ready-made of dry mixtures or blends. 2. 1. Classification of the parts as per their extent of dispersion: Dust – parts bigger than 0,1 mm; Cloud – parts from 0,1 mm to 0,001 mm; Smog – parts less than 0,001 mm Lecturer Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD 8 Course â€Å"Health and safety in construction† 2. 2. Classification of the parts as per their substance Organic dust – wool, bone-meal, bacteria, vegetable dusts; Mineral dust – ore, rock, stone, quartz, glass, glass wadding; Mixed. 2. 3. Bad and unhealthy influence of the dust – it appears in form of damages on the skin, lacrimal discomfort of the eyes (tears in the eyes), discomfort and problems in the respiratory organs, toxic and chemical influence. . 4. Methods for reduction the unhealthy influence of the dust Hermetic performance of all processes, connected with separating of dust; Change all dry processes of extraction and production with wet processes; Use of suction systems or suction pumps; Current cleaning of the floor the machines and the equipment; Use of special working wear, dust resisting wear, masks, protective glasses, hats, gloves Use of warm showers. Lecturer Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD 9 Course â€Å"Health and safety in construction† 3. Production Noise 3. 1. Definition – it is a combination of sounds, with different frequency and intensity, that causes bad and unhealthy influence on the human body. 3. 2. Kinds of noise: Mechanical – friction, strike and other caused of machines; Gas dynamic and hydrodynamic – cause of pipelines and others. 3. 3. Standarts and limits tolerating the production noise: For industrial premises up to 85 dBA; For intellectual work – up to 40 dBA; For offices and desk work up to 55 dBA 3. 4. Means for protection of the noise: Means for joint protection: insulating shields and walls, rational arrangement screens; suitable positioning of the working places; Means for personal protection: outer antiphons, inner (internal) antiphons, noise resistant helmets. Lecturer Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD 10 Course â€Å"Health and safety in construction† 3. 5. Actions which the employer must undertake when the lower action level is exceeded are inform, instruct and train employees on the hearing risks; supply hearing protection to those employees requesting it; ensure that any equipment or arrangements, provided under the Regulations are correctly used or implemented. The main purpose of the Noise Regulations is to control noise levels rather than measure them. Better to control noise at source rather than wear ear protection. The additional measures which the employer must take if the upper action level is reached are: reduce and control exposure to noise by means other than hearing protection; establish hearing protection zones, marked by notices and ensure that anybody entering the zone is wearing hearing protection; supply hearing protection and ensure that it is worn. 3. 6. Noise control techniques In addition to reduced time exposure of employees to the noise source, there is a simple hierarchy of control techniques: reduction of noise at source; reduction of noise levels received by the employee (known as attenuation); personal protective equipment which should only be used when the above two remedies are insufficient. Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD Lecturer Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD 11 Course â€Å"Health and safety in construction† 3. 6. Noise control techniques In addition to reduced time exposure of employees to the noise source, there is a simple hierarchy of control techniques: reduction of noise at source; reduction of noise levels received by the employee (known as attenuation); personal protective equipment which should only be used when the above two remedies are insufficient. Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD 4. Vibrations Vibrations 4. 1. Definition the mechanical vibrations of the various bodies under the influence of external forces. 4. 2. Types of vibration: Low frequency – up to 30 Hz; Average frequency – up to 100 Hz; High frequency – over 100 Hz. CAUTION: Human body organs have their own low frequency and the continues influence of low frequency vibrations could obtain internal ruptures in the body. Lecturer Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD 12 Course â€Å"Health and safety in construction† 4. 3 Sources of vibration percussion (hammer), drilling technique, hand vibrators, compressors, excavators, bulldozers, Petrol chainsaw and others. 4. 4 Means and safe methods: To use tools with less vibration; Machines nd equipment to be installed on separate foundations; Hand tools should be equipped with ergonomic handles, that reduce considerably vibrations; To use personal protective equipment, which protect or reduces considerably vibrations (gloves); Providing a rational regime of work and rest. 5. Lighting 5. 1. Types: Natural top, side, combined; Artificial Working evacuation. Go od lighting is obtained when the relation between glass surface area and floor is at least 1:8, and a relation 1:4 in is a very good one. . 2. Measurement. Luminosity is measured in lux (lx), the very measurement is performed with luxmeter. The experts have to compare the already measured values with the normative regulation. Lecturer Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD 13 Course â€Å"Health and safety in construction† Workplace or type of work Warehouses and stores General factories or workshops Offices Drawing offices (detailed work) Fine working (ceramics or textiles) Very fine work (watch repairs or engraving) Luminosity (lx) 150 300 500 700 1000 1400 5. Requirements and maintenance workplaces Providing the workplaces with sufficient natural and artificial lighting to create safe working conditions, according legal rules; Cleaning of luminaries; Cleaning windows, walls and ceilings; The color of the walls and ceiling should be white or light; Replacement of damaged light ing. Lecturer Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD 14 Course â€Å"Health and safety in construction† Functions and duties of officials (safety managers) in organizing protection and prevention of occupational risks in the companies Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD 1. Official status of Health and Safety officials. officials. Health and Safety Officials (Health and Safety Organs at work or Safety Manager) are appointed or nominated by the employer. Health and Safety Officials are: the Safety Authority (Employer Representative), members of Health and safety group (or Health and Safety Committee), composed of employees and workers in the company. Health and Safety Organs at Work (Safety Manager) support the employer in the performance of his duties to ensure health and safety conditions at working place. Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD 2. Main functions of the Health and Safety officials: to organize and to coordinate all activities for ensuring Health and safety working conditions; to advise and to support the employer and other officials in their efforts for ensuring health and safety conditions in the organization of the labor activities; to establish control on behalf of the employer in order workers and employees to respect the legal requirements and duties; to propose and to apply measures for avoidance violations of norms and requirements or defaults. Lecturer Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD 15 Course â€Å"Health and safety in construction† 3. Tasks of the Health and Safety officials at Work: organize and participate in the working out rules for the internal labor order; organize and participate in the establishment and assessment of occupational hazards; organize the developing of projects, programs and specific measures to prevent risk to life and health of employees; Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD examine the opportunities and quality of services provided by occupational health centers, research laboratories, training centers, etc. and if necessary prepare proposals for contracts; cooperate and assist the occupational health services in the performance of their functions and tasks; required by the relevant officials to create such organization that provides health and safety labor conditions; take measures for coordinate actions, when workers from different companies work together; Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD require the introduction of joint protection facilities and provision of appropriate personal protective equipment when there is risk that can not be prevented; organize and participate in the developing of companie’s health and safety rules at work; organize the preparation of accidental action plans for emergencies or extraordinary situations; organize and participate in the development and implementation of programs for training, retraining and instruction; Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD Lecturer Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD 16 Course â€Å"Health and safety in construction† organize and participate in the investigation of work accidents; consult officials, employees in applying the rules for health and safety working conditions; organize and maintain proper keeping the records and documentation, required by the regulations; co-operate with Fire fighting departments, Civil Protection Authorities, Hygiene Authorities and regional Labour Inspectorates; Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD in cases when violations of the rules are established they prescribed measures to the officials to remedy the violations; upon violations or defaults they inform the employer and propose appropriate measures, including sanctions against guilty officials; for violations or failure to fulfill obligations the authorities for safe and health inform the employer and propose appropriate measures, including sanctions against guilty officials. Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD Lecturer Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD 17 Course â€Å"Health and safety in construction† Organization and management of safety, health and environmental labor conditions in construction in the process of designing and building Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD 1. Normative documents 2004 The Commission of the EC has approved a report for practical execution of the Framework directive 89/391 EC, for creating of healthy and safety conditions at the working place, together with more 5 separate directives. They are: 1) Directive 89/654 EC for minimal requirements for health and safety at the working place; 2) Directive 89/655 EC for minimal requirements at use of the industrial equipment; 3) Directive 89/656 for safety at use of personal safety means; 4) Directive 90/269 for minimal requirements at manual operations of goods and 5)Directive 90/270 for safety at work with video display. To these main Directives we have to add also Directive 92/57 EC for safety of the workers at temporary and provisional working sites, and at mobile sites. Both kind of platforms are typical in construction. Next is Directive 92/58 EC for providing symbols for safety at working place. Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD Lecturer Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD 18 Course â€Å"Health and safety in construction† 2. Implementation the requirement for providing safe working conditions in construction. . 1. In the process of designing: Obligatory preparation of plan for safety and health as an integral part of the investment project; The Investor nominates a Coordinator for safety and health during the design; The display (usually at the entrance of the site) an Information plate; Increasing (Improving) requirements for the preparation of safety instructions during the execution (performance, implementation) of construction; The Investor (Client or his representative) is obliged to guarantee compliance through the assessment according to the Law on Special Planning that: + The project meets all safety requirements and all installations are clearly indicated in the project; +The project is coordinated and approved by all interested agencies and persons; + All future changes will be coordinated, as appropriate, without breaking the Law for Organization of the Area. Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD Lecturer Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD 19 Course â€Å"Health and safety in construction† 2. 2 In the process of construction: The Investor nominated a Coordinator safety and health during construction; The Coordinator informs all involved persons in the building process with the requirements of the Law for safe working conditions and take measures for their observance; Before starting the construction the Assignor informs the Regional Labor Inspectorate about his investment intentions and sends a copy of the Information plate. Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD Obligation of the Employer in compliance with the principles of safety and health when planning, design, preparation and execution of investment project; Obligations of the Coordinator of Safety and Health for the executive phase of construction to implement (apply) the principles of precaution and safety in accordance with the legal requirements; Obligations of the Builder (Construction company) to ensure complete and safe working conditions for all workers , including subcontractors and self employed persons. Theses Obligations include instruction, training and improving knowledge of safe working conditions for the workers and avoiding pollution and environmental damage and fire safety as well; Obligations of the technical manager and the foreman concerning the implementation and monitoring for the requirements for safety rules at the workplace and the firefighting rules; Lecturer Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD 20 Course â€Å"Health and safety in construction† Obligations of the consulting company on security and control requirements for safe working conditions, environmental protection and fire safety. safety. Control over abiding by the laws, rules and regulations for Safety and Health. The control Health. should be executed by the firefighting and firefighting environmental authorities of the Labour Inspectorate, Environmental Agency and the Environmental Municipality. unicipality. Lecturer Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD 21 Course â€Å"Health and safety in constructionâ₠¬  Duties of Employer (Contractor) and of employees to ensure health and safety working conditions Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD The main Directives in construction is Directive 92/57 EC for safety of the workers at temporary and provisional working sites, and at mobile sites. Definitions: Definitions: (a) temporary or mobile construction sites (construction sites) means any construction site at which building or civil engineering works are carried out; (b) client means any natural or legal person for whom a project is carried out; Definitions: Definitions: (c) project supervisor means any natural or legal person responsible for the design and/or execution and/or supervision of the execution of a project, acting on behalf of the client; (d) coordinator for safety and health means any natural or legal person entrusted by the client and/or project supervisor, during preparation of the project design, during execution of the project Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD Lecturer Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD 22 Course â€Å"Health and safety in construction† The duties for ensuring HS working conditions are in accordance with European regulations for providing occupational safety. 1. Companies and individuals, who employ workers and employees on labor contract and self-employed workers as well, are obliged to provide HS working conditions for all the workers on the site and for all other persons situated on the site, or near the working site on another occasion. These duties concern also the persons subject of training and student practice in all its forms. Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD 2. Duties of the Employer apply in cases, when HS activities are carried out by other organs,or persons contracted to perform. 3. The Employer is obliged: to assess risk; to provide measures for avoiding risk or ensuring safety; to provide special protection for workers who need. This category includes workers with chronic diseases, pregnant, suffering from occupational diseases; Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD to organize the monitoring of the implementation in construction; not to allow workers who are not trained, instructed and equipped; to coordinate the provision of health and safety when on site are working workers of other employers; to provide resources for implementation of all measures for ensuring health and safety; to provide maintenance of services for labor medicine; to provide appropriate training in health and safety for each worker. Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD Lecturer Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD 23 Course â€Å"Health and safety in construction† 4. Persons who work for their own account or in association with others should assess risks health and safety. 5. Duties of employees in respect of HS: to use correct the equipment, tools, substances, materials and the other equipment; to use correct personal protective equipment and special clothing; to use the correct tool for collective protection; Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD immediately to inform the employer about any health hazard and about all faults or all problems in collective protection means; to assist the employer and the supervisory authorities to implement measures for HS; to restore immediate remedies and signaling or to take other measures with the same efficiency. 6. Duties of the Contractor 6. 1. The Contractor must: assess risk during the construction activity; display an information board at the . 2. The Contractor must ensure: technological sequence and terms, according to the HS plans; complete health and safety for all workers, including subcontractors and self employed workers; maintenance updating of health and safety instructions; instruction, training and qualification of workers; the necessary protective equipment and clothing, depending on the existing occupational risks; Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD Lecturer Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD 24 Course â€Å"Health and safety in construction† filing, storage and reporting the performed tests of the facilities and work equipment and control the permanent removal of the defects; the necessary sanitary household premises, hygiene premises , fire safety premises and emergency premises during construction; Maintenance of order and cleanliness on the site and in the storages; Collection, storage and transportation of waste and scrap; Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD Adapting the stages and / or types of construction works to reality; Ability at any time to provide first aid in case of accident, fire, disaster or emergency; If necessary to develop and approve internal documents for provision of HS, conformed with the specific conditions ; Contractor does not to allow operations outside the construction site and where it is necessary the Constructor should make a special instruction for such operations; Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD Constructor should determine in th e job description the duties and the responsibilities of the employees regarding HS in order to avoid the risk in the working process; Constructor is responsible for pollution or environmental damages in the construction activities; Constructor has to organize an internal system of examinations, control and assessment of HS status of all workers; Constructor determine persons responsible for implementing measures for first aid in case of disasters, accidents and fires and for evacuation. Lecturer Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD 25 Course â€Å"Health and safety in construction† Training and instruction of workers and staff safety, hygiene labor and fire safety Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD 1. Training Health and Safety at Work. 1. Training Work. 1. 1. Persons subject to training: Officials who run and manage work processes; Persons nominated by the employer to manage the instructions on health and safety at work; Members of labor conditions committee; Employees or workers whose job is associated with the use, care and maintenance of machines, and requires license for work; Employees or workers engaged in activities which may create hazard to their or others health and life. . 2. Training process: Training Health and Safety at Work is conducted in accordance with programs, approved by the employer, at the following intervals: Official managing the labour processes minimum once in every two years with duration not less than 6 academical hours; Officials managing the labour processes minimum once in every two years with duration not less than 6 academ ical hours; Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD Lecturer Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD 26 Course â€Å"Health and safety in construction† The officials of Health and safety in the companies and persons, nominated by the employer, to manage the instructions minimum once a year with horarium not less than 6 hours; -For the members of labor conditions committee initial training classes with a total horarium not less than 30 hours, the annual training of representatives has a duration of not less than 6 hours teaching. Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD 2. Instruction on Health and Safety at Work 2. 1. Kinds of instructions Initial; At the working place Periodic Daily Extraordinary Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD The employer should provide instructions for any worker as well as to: Workers offered by a company, that provides temporary employment; Workers or employees sent on business Workers from other companies, that will work on the site of the company Persons accepted for training or qualification; Persons that is held manufacturing practice; All others visiting the manufacturing units of the company, guests etc. Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD Lecturer Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD 7 Course â€Å"Health and safety in construction† 2. 2. Instructed persons and content of the instructions Initial instruction takes place on those who start the work for the first time as well as individuals who hold manufacturing practice. The purpose of this instruction is the workers to be familiar with: The basic rules and requirements for health and safety at work in the company; Type and nature of the performed work; Specific dangers and risks to life an d health of workers; Requirements for their behavior. The official, who takes the Initial instruction of persons, issues a certificate for the already performed instruction. It must be is stored in the employees personal file. There is a book for initial instructions and both (Instructor and employee) have to sign in. Instruction at the working place is a practical introduction of the employee with the specific requirements for the safe performance of work and place of work before being assigned an individual task. Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD It is an obligation of the Instructor a Book for instructions at the working place and each worker is allowed to work independently after the signature of the instructor in the Book for instructions at the working place. Periodic instruction has to support and complement the knowledge of workers health and safety at work. Periodic instruction for construction workers, technical managers, engineers should be held not less than every three months and not less often than once a year for all other employees. Periodical instruction has to be carried out by direct manager of the activity or other person appointed by the employer. Lecturer Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD 28 Course â€Å"Health and safety in construction† Daily instruction (or every day instruction) takes place on workers directly engaged in production activities with high risk, including construction work. Daily instruction should be carried out by the direct manager, supervisor or other person appointed by the employer. Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD Extraordinary instruction is scheduled: After each severe accident and occupational disease and after fire or industrial accidents and natural disasters; After serious violations of established rules, norms and requirements on safety and health at work; Upon changes in the technological process, by introducing new machinery and equipment, change of workplace or work organization; When prescribed by the supervisory authority. An extraordinary instruction takes place on workers, which have been absent from work more than 45 calendar days. Lecturer Dr. Eng. Lachezar Hrischev, PhD 29